CBSE Class 10 Science | Chapter 8
Heredity
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- Variations arise naturally during reproduction, primarily due to genetic differences.
- In asexual reproduction, variations are minimal since offspring are exact copies of the parent.
- Sexual reproduction introduces significant variations because offspring inherit genes from both parents.
- Variations are essential for survival and evolution as they enable organisms to adapt to changing environments.
- Definition: The transfer of traits from one generation to the next through genetic material.
- Traits are passed via genes, which are functional units of heredity located on DNA.
- Genetics: The branch of biology that studies heredity and variations.
- Heredity ensures continuity of traits while allowing for minor differences that lead to diversity.
- Inherited traits are characteristics that are passed from parents to offspring through genes.
- Examples include eye color, height, and blood group.
- Traits are influenced by both dominant and recessive alleles:
- Dominant traits are expressed in every possible combination of alleles.
- Recessive traits are expressed only in the absence of a dominant allele.
- Gregor Johann Mendel, the "Father of Genetics," formulated key principles of inheritance through his experiments on pea plants.
- Mendel's Laws:
- Law of Dominance: A dominant trait always masks a recessive trait when both are present.
- Law of Segregation: During gamete formation, allele pairs segregate so each gamete gets one allele.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Traits are inherited independently of each other.
- Mendel's experiments involved:
- Monohybrid Cross: Focused on one trait, showing a 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation.
- Dihybrid Cross: Focused on two traits, showing a 9:3:3:1 ratio in the F2 generation.
- Traits are expressed when genes code for specific proteins that determine the characteristics of an organism.
- Dominant alleles express their traits even when paired with recessive alleles.
- Recessive traits are expressed only when both alleles are recessive.
- Gene expression is influenced by the environment, mutations, and epigenetics.
- The process of determining an individual's sex is based on genetic composition.
- In humans, the sex is determined by sex chromosomes:
- XX leads to a female.
- XY leads to a male.
- During reproduction:
- The mother's ovum always carries an X chromosome.
- The father's sperm determines the child's sex by contributing either an X or Y chromosome.
- Key Concept: Fusion of X (ovum) and X (sperm) results in a girl, while fusion of X (ovum) and Y (sperm) results in a boy.
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Buy Chapter Now Explore Full Science CourseNow that you've explored Class 10th Science Chapter 8, it's time to dive deeper into the fascinating world of genetics! This chapter covers essential topics like Heredity, Inherited Traits, the Rules for the Inheritance of Traits, and Mendel's Contributions, including his groundbreaking Mendel's Laws. Don't miss the chance to solidify your understanding of these critical concepts. Hurry and get this chapter now to improve your knowledge and ace your exams!
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