Metals and Non Metals

Physical Properties of Metals:

• Metals have a shiny appearance when polished, known as metallic luster.
• Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
• Metals are Malleable and hard.
• Metals can be drawn into wires without breaking.
• Most metals have high density.
• They often have high melting and boiling points.
• Metals are solid at room temperature; however, mercury is an exception as it exists in a liquid state at room temperature.
• Metals produce a ringing sound when struck.

Physical Properties of Non Metals:

• Non-metals do not have a shiny appearance.
• Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity; however, graphite (a form of carbon) is an exception, as it is a good conductor of electricity.
• Non-metals are brittle in the solid state.
• Non-metals cannot be drawn into wires.
• They generally have low density compared to metals.
• They often have low melting and boiling points.
• Non-metals can exist as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.
• Non-metals do not produce a ringing sound when struck.

• Chemical Properties of Metals:
  
  • Metals readily react with oxygen to form metal oxides.
  • Some metals react vigorously with water.
  • Metals generally react with dilute acids to release hydrogen gas and form salts.
• Chemical Properties of Non Metals:
  
  • Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides.
  • Non-metals do not typically react with water.
  • Non-metals usually do not react with acids.

• Most Reactive Metals: Potassium, sodium, calcium
• Moderately Reactive Metals: Magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron
• Least Reactive Metals: Copper, silver, gold, platinum
• Displacement Reactions: A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound.
• Hydrogen: Metals above hydrogen react with acids to release hydrogen gas.
• Applications: Used to predict metal reactivity in reactions, extraction methods, and corrosion behavior.

• Metals of Low Reactivity: Metals that are usually found in their free state in nature because they are least reactive.
• Metals of Medium Reactivity: Metals that are typically found in nature as oxides, sulfides, or carbonates.
• Metals of High Reactivity: Metals that are highly reactive and never found in the free state in nature.

Steps Of Metal Extraction:

• Enrichment of Ores
• Reduction
• Refining

• Silver Corrosion: Silver reacts with sulfur in the air, forming silver sulfide. This results in the black tarnish seen on silver objects.
• Copper Corrosion: Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air, forming a green coating known as copper carbonate.
• Iron Rusting: Iron, when exposed to moist air for a long period, forms a brown flaky substance called rust.

• Definition: An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals that are combined to improve the properties of the pure metal.
• Advantages: Alloys offer better strength, durability, and corrosion resistance compared to pure metals.
• Common Alloys:
  • Brass: Copper + Zinc.
  • Bronze: Copper + Tin.
  • Solder: Lead + Tin.